Dl-3-n-butylphthalide improves stroke outcomes after focal ischemic stroke in mouse model by inhibiting the pyroptosis-regulated cell death and ameliorating neuroinflammation.

Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of pyroptosis-mediated cell death and neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke (IS) pathogenesis. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a synthesized compound based on an extract from seeds of Apium graveolens, possesses a broad range of biological effects. However, the efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of NBP in IS remain contentious. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effects of NBP and elucidated its potential mechanisms in neuronal cell pyroptosis and microglia inflammatory responses. Adult male mice underwent permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO), followed by daily oral gavage of NBP (80 mg/kg) for 1, 7, or 21 consecutive days. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset of IS patients peripheral blood RNA sequencing was analyzed to identify differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) during the ischemic process. Our results suggested that NBP treatment effectively alleviated brain ischemic damage, resulting in decreased neurological deficit scores, reduced infarct volume, and improved neurological and behavioral functions. RNA sequence data from human unveiled upregulated PRGs in IS. Subsequently, we observed that NBP downregulated pyroptosis-associated markers at days 7 and 21 post-modeling, at both the protein and mRNA levels. Additionally, NBP suppressed the co-localization of pyroptosis markers with neuronal cells to variable degrees and simultaneously mitigated the accumulation of activated microglia. Overall, our data provide novel evidence that NBP treatment significantly attenuates ischemic brain damage and promotes recovery of neurological function in the early and recovery phases after IS, probably by negatively regulating the pyroptosis cell death of neuronal cells and inhibiting toxic neuroinflammation in the central nervous system.

Maf1 loss regulates spinogenesis and attenuates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. Synaptic dysfunction has appeared in the early stage of AD and is significantly correlated with cognitive impairment. However, the specific regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here we found upregulated Maf1 transcription factor in AD, and Maf1 conditional knockout in AD transgenic mice restored learning and memory function. Downregulation of Maf1 reduced intraneuronal Ca2+ concentration and restored neuronal synaptic morphology. We also demonstrated that Maf1 regulates the expression of NMDAR1 by binding to the promoter region of Grin1, further regulating calcium homeostasis and synaptic remodeling in neurons. Therefore, our results clarified the important role and mechanism of the Maf1-NMDAR1 signaling pathway in the stability of the synaptic structure, neuronal function, and behavior during the pathogenesis of AD, serving as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for the early onset of AD.

Learning a simulation-based visual policy for real-world peg in unseen holes.

This paper proposes a learning-based visual peg-in-hole that enables training with several shapes in simulation and adapting to arbitrary unseen shapes in the real world with minimal sim-to-real cost. The core idea is to decouple the generalization of the sensory-motor policy from the design of a fast-adaptable perception module and a simulated generic policy module. The framework consists of a segmentation network (SN), a virtual sensor network (VSN), and a controller network (CN). Concretely, the VSN is trained to measure the pose of the unseen shape from a segmented image. After that, given the shape-agnostic pose measurement, the CN is trained to achieve a generic peg-in-hole. Finally, when applying to real unseen holes, we only have to fine-tune the SN required by the simulated VSN + CN. To further minimize the transfer cost, we propose to automatically collect and annotate the data for the SN after one-minute human teaching. Simulated and real-world results are presented under the configuration of eye-to/in-hand. An electric vehicle charging system with the proposed policy inside achieves a 10/10 success rate in 2-3 s, using only hundreds of auto-labeled samples for the SN transfer.

Gut microbiota-associated taurine metabolism dysregulation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

IMPORTANCE: PD is recognized as a multisystem disease concerning GI dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis but still lacks ideal therapies. Recently, aberrant microbiota-derived metabolites are emerging as important participants in PD etiology. However, the alterations of gut microbiota community and serum untargeted metabolite profile have not been fully investigated in a PD mice model. Here, we discover sharply reduced levels of Lactobacillus and taurine in MPTP-treated mice. Moreover, Lactobacillus, Adlercreutzia, and taurine-related metabolites showed the most significant correlation with pathological and GI performance of PD mice. The abundances of microbial transporter and enzymes participating in the degeneration of taurine were disturbed in PD mice. Most importantly, taurine supplement ameliorates MPTP-induced motor deficits, DA neuron loss, and microglial activation. Our data highlight the impaired taurine-based microbiome-metabolism axis during the progression of PD and reveal a novel and previously unrecognized role of genera in modulating taurine metabolism.

Loss of SV2A promotes human neural stem cell apoptosis via p53 signaling.

This study investigated the role of synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in the regulation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (NSCs). SV2A was highly expressed in NSCs. SV2A knockdown promotes apoptosis, which was associated with an upregulation of genes involved in p53 signaling as determined by transcriptome analysis. Treatment with the small molecule p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α reversed the promotion of NSC apoptosis induced by loss of SV2A. These results demonstrate that SV2A plays an important role in regulating NSC survival via the p53 signaling pathway.

Curcumin-driven reprogramming of the gut microbiota and metabolome ameliorates motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, accompanied by motor deficits as well as gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Recent studies have proved that the disturbance of gut microbiota and metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of PD; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be elucidated. Curcumin (CUR) has been reported to provide neuroprotective effects on neurological disorders and modulate the gut flora in intestinal-related diseases. Therefore, it is of significant interest to investigate whether CUR could exert a protective effect on PD and whether the effect of CUR is dependent on the intestinal flora and subsequent changes in metabolites. Methods: In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of CUR on a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to explore the profile of the gut microbiota among controls, MPTP-treated mice and CUR-treated mice. Then, antibiotic treatment (ABX) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments were conducted to examine the role of intestinal microbes on the protective effects of CUR in PD mice. Furthermore, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis was used to identify the landscape of the CUR-driven serum metabolome. Finally, Pearson's analysis was conducted to investigate correlations between the gut flora-metabolite axis and CUR-driven neuroprotection in PD. Results: Our results showed that CUR intervention effectively improved motor deficits, glial cell activation, and the aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in MPTP-treated mice. 16S rRNA sequencing showed elevated abundances of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Eggerthellaceae but depleted abundances of Aerococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae in CUR-treated mice when compared with MPTP mice. ABX and FMT experiments further confirmed that the gut microbiota was required for CUR-induced protection in PD mice. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that CUR notably upregulated the levels of tyrosine, methionine, sarcosine and creatine. Importantly, strong correlations were identified among crucial taxa (Aerococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Eggerthellaceae), pivotal metabolites (tyrosine, methionine, sarcosine and creatine) and the motor function and pathological results of mice. CUR treatment led to a rapid increase in the brain levels of tyrosine and levodopa (dopa) these changes were related to the abundances of Lactobacillaceae and Aerococcaceae. Conclusions: CUR exerts a protective effect on the progression of PD by modulating the gut microbiota-metabolite axis. Lactobacillaceae and Aerococcaceae, along with key metabolites such as tyrosine and dopa play a dominant role in CUR-associated neuroprotection in PD mice. Our findings offer unique insights into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PD.

Application of superstatistical analysis on fluctuant surface shear in particle-laden turbulence boundary layer.

We report on an application of superstatistics to particle-laden turbulent flow. Four flush-mounted hot-film wall shear sensors were used to record the fluctuations of the wall shear stress in sand-laden flow. By comparing the scaling exponent in sand-free with that in sand-laden flows, we found that the sand-laden flow is more intermittent. By applying the superstatistics analysis to the friction velocity, we found that the large time scale is smaller when the flow is sand-laden. The probability density of a fluctuating energy dissipation rate measured in sand-laden flow follows a log-normal distribution with higher variances than for sand-free flow. The variance of this dissipation rate is a power law of the corresponding time scale. The prediction based on the superstatistics model is consistent with our structure function exponents [Formula: see text] for sand-free flow. Nevertheless, it overestimates [Formula: see text] for sand-laden flow, especially at higher Reynolds numbers.

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of First Ischemic Stroke in a Chinese Hypertensive Population.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have displayed protection against cardiovascular disease. However, the association between specific lipoprotein classes and first ischemic stroke (IS) has not been well defined, particularly in higher-risk hypertensive populations. Our study evaluated the associations of HDL-C with first IS in a Chinese hypertensive population. METHODS: The study population was obtained from a community-based cohort study of hypertension in Lianyungang and Rongcheng, China. A nested case-control design was used that included 2463 identified first IS cases and 2463 controls matched by age ± 1 year, sex, and region. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, HDL-C was inversely associated with first IS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.98). HDL-C levels of at least 65.4 mg/dL displayed a significant protective effect for first IS (aOR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69-0.98). Conversely, adverse effects of first IS were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≥138.1 mg/dL (aOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02-1.42) and triglyceride (TG) levels ≥140.8 mg/dL (aOR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.09-1.49). The risk associations of LDL-C and TG with first IS were attenuated in the presence of high HDL-C (≥53.0 mg/dL); an increased risk of first IS was only found in the presence of low HDL-C (<53.0 mg/dL) when LDL-C (aOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.19-2.31) and TG (aOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.17-1.84) were combined with HDL-C for analysis. CONCLUSION: In this community-based Chinese hypertensive population, higher HDL-C was a significant protective factor of first IS. These data add to the evidence describing the relationship between lipids and IS and suggest that HDL-C maybe is a marker of IS risk in Chinses hypertensive population.

Association of HMOX-1 with sporadic Alzheimer's disease in southern Han Chinese.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to discover the associations between HMOX-1 and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: A total of 500 AD patients and 500 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Polymer chain reaction was used. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between AD patients and controls in both the dominant and recessive models of HMOX-1 rs2071746 after adjustment for age, gender and education (dominant model: p = 0.047, odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.78, adjusted; recessive model: p = 0.049, OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.00-1.80, adjusted). There was also a trend for an association between the dominant model and late-onset AD after adjustment for age, gender and education (dominant model: p = 0.084, OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.96-1.95, adjusted). CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between the dominant and recessive models of HMOX1 rs2071746 and AD.

Exploring the liver fibrosis induced by deltamethrin exposure in quails and elucidating the protective mechanism of resveratrol.

Deltamethrin (DLM) is widely used in agriculture and the prevention of human insect-borne diseases. However, the molecular mechanism of DLM induced liver injury remains unclear to date. This study investigated the potential molecular mechanism that DLM induced liver fibrosis in quails. Japanese quails received resveratrol (500 mg/kg) daily with or without DLM (45 mg/kg) exposure for 12 weeks. Histopathology, transmission electron microscopy, biochemical indexes, TUNEL, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot analysis were performed. DLM exposure induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Most importantly, the Nrf2/TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling pathway played an important role on DLM-induced liver fibrosis in quails. Interestingly, the addition of resveratrol, an Nrf2 activator, alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation response by activating Nrf2, thereby inhibits the liver fibrosis induced by DLM in quails. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to DLM induces oxidative stress via the Nrf2 expression inhibition and apoptosis, and then results in liver fibrosis in quails by the activation of NF-κB/TNF-α and TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling pathway.

Increased GABAergic development in iPSC-derived neurons from patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of this neurodegenerative disorder are still unclear. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons play an essential role in the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the brain, and the GABAergic system may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We used human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from sporadic AD (SAD) patients to analyze the phenotype and transcriptional profiles of SAD iPSC-derived neural cells. We observed reduced neurogenesis and increased astrogenesis in SAD neural differentiation. We discovered elevated levels of GABA, glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), and vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) in SAD neurons that indicated increased GABAergic development. Gene expression profiling of SAD neural cultures showed upregulation of the GABAergic signaling pathway and downregulation of the neurogenesis pathway. We presumed that the GABAergic transmission system might be enhanced in SAD neurons, as an early pathological change of SAD, which provides a novel target and new direction for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.

Association between ZNF184 and symptoms of Parkinson's disease in southern Chinese.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate the association between ZNF184 and symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in southern Chinese. METHODS: A total of 241 PD patients were recruited in this study. All patients were evaluated by Sniffin' Sticks 16 (SS-16), Hamilton anxiety rating scale and Hamilton depression rating scale, 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) and MDS-Unified PD Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). Symptoms were also recorded. RESULTS: There was association of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) under additive, dominant and overdominant model (p 0.039, additive; p 0.028, dominant; p 0.044, overdominant). We also found the association of excessive daytime sleepiness under the dominant model, the association of urgent urination or urinary incontinence under the recessive model and the association of sensitive to hot under the overdominant model (excessive daytime sleepiness: p 0.032, dominant; p 0.038, dominant; urgent urination or urgent incontinence: p 0.027, recessive; sensitive to hot: p, 0.027, overdominant). CONCLUSIONS: ZNF184 rs9468199 was associated with the presence of RBD, excessive daytime sleepiness, urgent urination or urgent incontinence and sensitive to hot.

Association between fatigue and motor progression in Parkinson's disease in southern Chinese.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate whether fatigue could predict the development of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in a southern Chinese population. METHODS: In total, 246 PD patients were recruited. All patients were evaluated by Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Unified PD Rating Scale provided by Movement Disorders Society (MDS-UPDRS). MDS-UPDRS was re-evaluated after 2 years. RESULTS: FSS scores were associated with total score and subparts of MDS-UPDRS (total: p 0.039, p 0.030, adjusted; part III: p 0.022, p 0.016, adjusted). CONCLUSIONS: The symptom of subjective fatigue could predict the progression of PD.

Establishment of TUSMi005-A, an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from a 32-year old Chinese Han patient with Bipolar Disorder (BD).

A 32-year old Bipolar Disorder (BD) male patient donated his Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The non-integrating episomal vector system used to reprogram PBMCs with the human OKSM transcription factors. The pluripotency of transgene-free iPSCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers and by the ability of the iPSCs to differentiate spontaneously into 3 germ layers in vitro. In addition, the iPSC line displayed a normal karyotype. Our model might offer a good platform to further study the pathological mechanisms, to identify early biomarkers, and also for drug testing studies in BD. Resource table.

Establishment of TUSMi004-A, an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from a 32-year old Chinese Han patient with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

A 32-year old Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) male patient donated his Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The non-integrating episomal vector system used to reprogram PBMCs with the human OKSM transcription factors. The pluripotency of transgene-free iPSCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers and by the ability of the iPSCs to differentiate spontaneously into 3 germ layers in vitro. In addition, the iPSC line displayed a normal karyotype. Our model might offer a good platform to further study the pathological mechanisms, to identify early biomarkers, and also for drug testing studies in OCD. Resource Table.

Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells TUSMi006 from an 87-year old Chinese Han Alzheimer's disease patient carrying GRINB and SORL1 mutations.

A 87-year old Alzheimer's Disease(AD) male patient donated his Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The non-integrating episomal vector system was used to reprogram PBMCs with the human OKSM transcription factors. The pluripotency of transgene-free iPSCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers and by the ability of the iPSCs to differentiate spontaneously into 3 germ layers in vitro. In addition, the iPSC line displayed a normal karyotype. Our model might offer a good platform to further study the pathological mechanisms, to identify early biomarkers, and also for drug testing studies in AD.

Protective effects of dietary luteolin against mercuric chloride-induced lung injury in mice: Involvement of AKT/Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.

Food-derived compound luteolin possesses multiple pharmacological activities. Accordingly, we focused on exploring the protective effects of luteolin (100 mg/kg) against mercuric chloride (HgCl2) (5 mg/kg) stimulated lung injury and the molecular mechanisms of lung protection effects in mouse. The influence of luteolin on histologic changes, oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil activation, and apoptosis were assayed in HgCl2-induced lung injury. Luteolin administration attenuated pulmonary histologic conditions and apoptotic change. The protective effects of luteolin might be attributed to the reduction of myeloperoxidase, inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, and the increase of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Luteolin promoted protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into nucleus, and inhibited activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in HgCl2-induced lung injury. Taken together, dietary luteolin may be an effective candidate for treatment of HgCl2-induced lung injury by preventing NF-κB activation and activating AKT/Nrf2 pathway.

Establishment of TUSMi003-A, an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from a 62-year old Chinese Han patient with Alzheimer's disease with ApoE3/4 genetic background.

A 62-year old Chinese Han Alzheimer's disease (AD) female patient with ApoE3/4 genetic background donated her Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The non-integrating episomal vector system was used to reprogrammed PBMCs with the human OKSM transcription factors. The pluripotency of transgene-free iPSCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers and by the ability of the iPSCs to differentiate spontaneously into 3 germ layers in vitro. In addition, the iPSC line displayed a normal karyotype. Our model might offer a good platform to further study the pathological mechanisms, to identify early biomarkers, and also for drug testing studies in AD.

Planar Position Sensor Based on Mono Sensing Electrode and Hybrid-Frequency Excitation.

A new way of measuring planar position for micrometric and sub-micrometric applications is presented with a mono sensing electrode and hybrid-frequency excitation. The sensing theory and operation principle are described and summarized, and a printed circuit board (PCB) sensor prototype is built and tested. It is shown by the experimental results that a very simple structure and geometric relationship are achieved. Meanwhile, displacement sensitivity on an order of 1.50 mV per micron and measurement repeatability better than 0.002 mm are easily fulfilled for a square zone of 256 mm², making it a valuable alternative measurement device candidate for flexible and low-cost planar position detection.

Resveratrol, a natural antioxidant, has a protective effect on liver injury induced by inorganic arsenic exposure.

Resveratrol (Rev) can ameliorate cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced toxicity and oxidative stress. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a known cytotoxic environmental toxicant and a potent chemotherapeutic agent. However, the mechanisms by which resveratrol protects the liver against the cytotoxic effects of As2O3 are not known. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the mechanisms involved in the action of resveratrol using a cat model in which hepatotoxicity was induced by means of As2O3 treatment. We found that pretreatment with resveratrol, administered using a clinically comparable dose regimen, reversed changes in As2O3-induced morphological and liver parameters and resulted in a significant improvement in hepatic function. Resveratrol treatment also improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and attenuated As2O3-induced increases in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production. In addition, resveratrol attenuated the As2O3-induced reduction in the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione and the retention of arsenic in liver tissue. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms whereby resveratrol modulates As2O3-induced changes in liver function and tissue morphology. They also provide a stronger rationale for the clinical utilization of resveratrol for the reduction of As2O3-induced hepatotoxicity.